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README
Arithmetic Circuits
An arithmetic circuit is a low-level representation of a program that consists of gates computing arithmetic operations of addition and multiplication, with wires connecting the gates.
This form allows us to express arbitrarily complex programs with a set of private inputs and public inputs whose execution can be publicly verified without revealing the private inputs. This construction relies on recent advances in zero-knowledge proving systems:
This library presents a low-level interface for building zkSNARK proving systems from higher-level compilers. This system depends on the following cryptographic dependenices.
- pairing - Optimised bilinear pairings over elliptic curves
- galois-field - Finite field arithmetic
- galois-fft - Finite field polynomial arithmetic based on fast Fourier transforms
- elliptic-curve - Elliptic curve operations
- bulletproofs - Bulletproofs proof system
- arithmoi - Number theory operations
- semirings - Algebraic semirings
- poly - Efficient polynomial arithmetic
Theory
Towers of Finite Fields
This library can build proof systems polymorphically over a variety of pairing friendly curves. By default we use the BN254 with an efficient implementation of the optimal Ate pairing.
The Barreto-Naehrig (BN) family of curves achieve high security and efficiency with pairings due to an optimum embedding degree and high 2-adicity. We have implemented the optimal Ate pairing over the BN254 curve we define and as:
The tower of finite fields we work with is defined as:
Arithmetic circuits
An arithmetic circuit over a finite field is a directed acyclic graph with gates as vertices and wires and edges. It consists of a list of multiplication gates together with a set of linear consistency equations relating the inputs and outputs of the gates.
Let be a finite field and a map that takes arguments as inputs from and outputs l elements in . The function C is an arithmetic circuit if the value of the inputs that pass through wires to gates are only manipulated according to arithmetic operations + or x (allowing constant gates).
Let , , respectively denote the input, witness and output size and be the number of all inputs and outputs of the circuit A tuple , is said to be a valid assignment for an arithmetic circuit C if .
Quadratic Arithmetic Programs (QAP)
QAPs are encodings of arithmetic circuits that allow the prover to construct a proof of knowledge of a valid assignment for a given circuit .
A quadratic arithmetic program (QAP) contains three sets of polynomials in :
, ,
and a target polynomial .
In this setting, an assignment is valid for a circuit if and only if the target polynomial divides the polynomial:
Logical circuits can be written in terms of the addition, multiplication and negation operations.
DSL and Circuit Builder Monad
Any arithmetic circuit can be built using a domain specific language to construct circuits that lives inside [Lang.hs](src/Circuit/Lang.hs).
```haskell ignore type ExprM f a = State (ArithCircuit f, Int) a execCircuitBuilder :: ExprM f a -> ArithCircuit f
```haskell ignore
-- | Binary arithmetic operations
add, sub, mul :: Expr Wire f f -> Expr Wire f f -> Expr Wire f f
```haskell ignore -- | Binary logic operations -- Have to use underscore or similar to avoid shadowing @and@ and @or@ -- from Prelude/Protolude. and_, or_, xor_ :: Expr Wire f Bool -> Expr Wire f Bool -> Expr Wire f Bool
```haskell ignore
-- | Negate expression
not_ :: Expr Wire f Bool -> Expr Wire f Bool
```haskell ignore -- | Compare two expressions eq :: Expr Wire f f -> Expr Wire f f -> Expr Wire f Bool
```haskell ignore
-- | Convert wire to expression
deref :: Wire -> Expr Wire f f
```haskell ignore -- | Return compilation of expression into an intermediate wire e :: Num f => Expr Wire f f -> ExprM f Wire
```haskell ignore
-- | Conditional statement on expressions
cond :: Expr Wire f Bool -> Expr Wire f ty -> Expr Wire f ty -> Expr Wire f ty
```haskell ignore -- | Return compilation of expression into an output wire ret :: Num f => Expr Wire f f -> ExprM f Wire
The following program represents the image of the
arithmetic circuit [above](#arithmetic-circuits-1).
```haskell ignore
program :: ArithCircuit Fr
program = execCircuitBuilder (do
i0 <- fmap deref input
i1 <- fmap deref input
i2 <- fmap deref input
let r0 = mul i0 i1
r1 = mul r0 (add i0 i2)
ret r1)
The output of an arithmetic circuit can be converted to a DOT graph and save it as SVG.
```haskell ignore dotOutput :: Text dotOutput = arithCircuitToDot (execCircuitBuilder program)
<p>
<img src=".assets/arithmetic-circuit-example.svg" width="250"/>
</p>
## Example
We'll keep taking the program constructed with our DSL as example and will
use the library [pairing](https://www.github.com/adjoint-io/pairing) that
provides a field of points of the BN254 curve and precomputes primitive roots of
unity for binary powers that divide <img src="/tex/580e7a6446bf50562e34247c545883a2.svg?invert_in_darkmode&sanitize=true" align=middle width=36.18335654999999pt height=21.18721440000001pt/>.
```haskell
import Protolude
import qualified Data.Map as Map
import Data.Pairing.BN254 (Fr, getRootOfUnity)
import Circuit.Arithmetic
import Circuit.Expr
import Circuit.Lang
import Fresh (evalFresh, fresh)
import QAP
program :: ArithCircuit Fr
program = execCircuitBuilder (do
i0 <- fmap deref input
i1 <- fmap deref input
i2 <- fmap deref input
let r0 = mul i0 i1
r1 = mul r0 (add i0 i2)
ret r1)
We need to generate the roots of the circuit to construct polynomials and that satisfy the divisibility property and encode the circuit to a QAP to allow the prover to construct a proof of a valid assignment.
We also need to give values to the three input wires to this arithmetic circuit.
roots :: [[Fr]]
roots = evalFresh (generateRoots (fmap (fromIntegral . (+ 1)) fresh) program)
qap :: QAP Fr
qap = arithCircuitToQAPFFT getRootOfUnity roots program
inputs :: Map.Map Int Fr
inputs = Map.fromList [(0, 7), (1, 5), (2, 4)]
A prover can now generate a valid assignment.
assignment :: QapSet Fr
assignment = generateAssignment program inputs
The verifier can check the divisibility property of by for the given circuit.
main :: IO ()
main = do
if verifyAssignment qap assignment
then putText "Valid assignment"
else putText "Invalid assignment"
See [Example.hs](./Example.hs).
Disclaimer
This is experimental code meant for research-grade projects only. Please do not use this code in production until it has matured significantly.
License
Copyright (c) 2017-2020 Adjoint Inc.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE
OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*Note that all licence references and agreements mentioned in the arithmetic-circuits README section above
are relevant to that project's source code only.